Scientific Articles
This section contains of peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals or empirical or clinical/medical literature about meditation challenges, unusual effects, adverse effects, risks, and contraindications. Present count (as of 5.30.24) = 117
2020s (21)
Canby, N., Lindahl, J.R., Britton, W.B., & Córdova, J. (2024) Clarifying and measuring the characteristics of experiences that involve a loss of self or a dissolution of its boundaries. Consciousness and Cognition,119, 103655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103655
Wright, M. J., Galante, J., Corneille, J. S., Grabovac, A., Ingram, D. M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2024). Altered States of Consciousness are Prevalent and Insufficiently Supported Clinically: A Population Survey. Mindfulness, 1-14.
Palitsky, R., Cooper, D.J., Lindahl, J.R., and Britton, W.B. (2023) Relationships between religious and scientific worldviews in the narratives of Western Buddhists reporting meditation-related challenges. Journal of Contemplative Studies, 1, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.57010/GDCW6138
Guo, Q., Li, S., Liang, J. et al. Mindfulness may be associated with less prosocial engagement among high intelligence individuals. Scientific Reports 13, 4208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31039-3
Lindahl, J.R., Palitsky, R., Cooper, D.J., and Britton, W.B. (2023) The role and impacts of Worldviews in the context of meditation-related challenges. Transcultural Psychiatry, 60 (4), 637-650. doi: 10.1177/13634615221128679.
Charan, D., Sharma, P., Kachhawaha, G., Kaur, G., and Gupta, S. (2023) Meditation Practices and the Onset of Psychosis: A Case Series and Analysis of Possible Risk Factors. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45, 80–84. DOI: 10.1177/02537176211059457
Taylor, G.B., Vasquez, T.S., Kastrinos, A. et al. The Adverse Effects of Meditation-Interventions and Mind–Body Practices: a Systematic Review. Mindfulness 13, 1839–1856 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01915-6
Goud,S.S. (2022) Meditation: A Double-Edged Sword—A Case Report of Psychosis Associated with Excessive Unguided Meditation. Case Reports in Psychiatry. | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2661824
Lindahl, J.R., Cooper, D.J., and Britton, W.B. (2022). Fear and terror in Buddhist Meditation: A Cognitive Model for Meditation-Induced Changes in Arousal and Affect. Journal of Cognitive Historiography, 7 (1-2), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.1558/jch.22807
Pauly, L., Bergmann, N., Hahne, I., Pux, S., Hahn, E., Ta, T., . . . Böge, K. (2022). Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: International cross-sectional study. BJPsych Open, 8(1), E11. doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1066
Binda DD, Greco CM, Morone NE. What Are Adverse Events in Mindfulness Meditation? Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2022;11. doi:10.1177/2164957X221096640
Cooper, D., Lindahl, J.R., Palitsky, R., Britton, W.B. (2021) “Like a Vibration Cascading through the Body”: Energy-Like Somatic Experiences Reported by Western Buddhists. Religions, 12: 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12121042
Hanssen I, Scheepbouwer V, Huijbers M, Regeer E, Lochmann van Bennekom M, Kupka R, et al. (2021) Adverse or therapeutic? A mixed-methods study investigating adverse effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in bipolar disorder. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259167. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259167
Aizik-Reebs, A., Shoham, A., Bernstein, A. (2021). First, do no harm: An intensive experience sampling study of adverse effects to mindfulness training, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 145, 103941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103941
Britton, W.B., Lindahl., J.R., Cooper, D.J., Canby, N., Palitsky, R. (2021). Defining and measuring meditation-related adverse effects in mindfulness-based interventions. Clinical Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702621996340,
Goldberg, S.B., Lam, S.U., Britton, W.B., Davidson, R.J. (2021) Prevalence of meditation-related adverse effects in a population-based sample in the United States. Psychotherapy Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.1933646
Lambert, D., van den Berg, N.H. & Mendrek, A. Adverse effects of meditation: A review of observational, experimental and case studies. Curr Psychol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01503-2
Baer, R., Crane, C., Montero-Marin, J. et al. Frequency of Self-reported Unpleasant Events and Harm in a Mindfulness-Based Program in Two General Population Samples. Mindfulness 12, 763–774 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01547-8
Stjernswärd, S., & Hansson, L. (2020). A qualitative study of caregivers’ experiences, motivation and challenges using a web-based mindfulness intervention. Community Mental Health Journal, 56(3), 416–425.
Walsh, M.M. and Armold, K.A. (2020) The bright and dark sides of employee mindfulness: Leadership style and employee well‐being. Stress & Health.1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2926
Farias, M., M. Farias, E. Maraldi, E., Wallenkampf, K.C., Lucchetti, G. (2020)Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation-based therapies: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142, 74–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13225
2010s (56)
Sharma, P., Mahapatra, A., & Gupta, R. (2019)Meditation-induced psychosis: a narrative review and individual patient data analysis . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2019.47
Pearson, M. (2019). Counselling intern self-awareness and readiness for practice: Reports from a mindfulness challenge. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 11(1), 23–33.
Schindler, P., Pfattheicher, S., & Reinhard,M. (2019). Potential negative consequences of mindfulness in the moral domain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(5), 1055–1069. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/ejsp.2570.
Zhu, J., Wekerle, C., Lanius, R. A., & Frewen, P. A. (2019). Trauma- and Stressor-Related History and Symptoms Predict Distress Experienced during a Brief Mindfulness Meditation Sitting: Moving toward Trauma-Informed Care in Mindfulness-Based Therapy. Mindfulness, 10, 1985-1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01173-z
Lindahl, J. R., W.B., B., Cooper, D. J., & Kirmayer, L. (2019). Challenging and Adverse Meditation Experiences: Toward a Person-Centered Approach In M. L. Miguel Farias, and David Brazier (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Meditation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808640.013.51
Schlosser, M., Sparby, T., Voros, S., Jones, R., & Marchant, N. L. (2019). Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations. PLoS One, 14(5), e0216643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216643
Lindahl, J. R., & Britton, W. B. (2019). “I Have This Feeling of Not Really Being Here”: Buddhist Meditation and Changes in Sense of Self. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 26(7-8), 157-183. Open Access Link
Baer, R., Crane, C., Miller, E., & Kuyken, W. (2019). Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clin Psychol Rev, 71, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.00
Britton, W. B. (2019). Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way. Curr Opin Psychol, 28, 159-165. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011
Anderson, T., Suresh, M., & Farb, N. A. (2019). Meditation Benefits and Drawbacks: Empirical Codebook and Implications for Teaching. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, Online January 14 2019. doi :https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-00119-y
Meeks, T., Rice, P., & Harper. (2019). Negative mood reduces negative false memories after a brief mindfulness exercise. Mindfulness, 10(12), 2507–2521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01223-6.
Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T. R. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019). Mindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 15, 285-316. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423
Wong, S., Chan, J., Zhang, D., Lee, E., & Tsoi, K. (2018). The Safety of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Mindfulness. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0897-0
Van Dam, N. T., van Vugt, M. K., Vago, D. R., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C. D., Olendzki, A., . . . Meyer, D. E. (2018). Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation. Perspect Psychol Sci, 13(1), 36-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617709589
Ratnayake, S., & Merry, D. (2018). Forgetting ourselves: epistemic costs and ethical concerns in mindfulness exercises. J Med Ethics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104201
Kaselionyte, J. and Gumley (2018). “It’s like a charge – either fuses you or burns you out”: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of extreme mental states in meditation context. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20, 986-1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1422237
Kral, T. R. A., Schuyler, B. S., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2018). Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. Neuroimage, 181, 301-313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.013
Hjeltnes, A., Moltu, C., Schanche, E., Jansen, Y., & Binder, P. E. (2018). Both sides of the story: Exploring how improved and less-improved participants experience mindfulness-based stress reduction for social anxiety disorder. Psychother Res, 28(1), 106-122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1169330
Anderson, T., & Farb, N. A. S. (2018). Personalising Practice Using Preferences for Meditation Anchor Modality. Front Psychol, 9, 2521. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02521
Qi, H., Zhang, H. H., Hanceroglu, L., Caggianiello, J., & Roberts, K. P. (2018). The influence ofmindfulness on young adolescents’ eyewitness memory and suggestibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 32(6), 823–829. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3452.
Tangney, J. P., Dobbins, A. E., Stuewig, J. B., & Schrader, S. W. (2017). Is There a Dark Side to Mindfulness? Relation of Mindfulness to Criminogenic Cognitions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 43(10), 1415-1426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217717243
Morone, N. E., Moore, C. G., & Greco, C. M. (2017). Characteristics of Adults Who Used Mindfulness Meditation: United States, 2012. J Altern Complement Med, 23(7), 545-550. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0099
Cebolla, A., Demarzo, M., Martins, P., Soler, J., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey. PLoS One, 12(9), e0183137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183137
Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness Interventions. Annu Rev Psychol, 68, 491-516. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017). The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists. PLoS One, 12(5), e0176239. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176239
Van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., & Garcia-Campayo, J. (2017). Are there adverse effects associated with mindfulness? Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 51(10), 977-979. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417716309
Reynolds, L., Bissett, I., Porter, D., & Consedine, N. (2017). A brief mindfulness intervention is associated with negative outcomes in a randomised controlled trial among chemotherapy patients. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1291–1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0705-2
Coronado-Montoya, S., Levis, A. W., Kwakkenbos, L., Steele, R. J., Turner, E. H., & Thombs, B. D. (2016). Reporting of Positive Results in Randomized Controlled Trials of Mindfulness-Based Mental Health Interventions. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153220
Holzel, B. K., Brunsch, V., Gard, T., Greve, D. N., Koch, K., Sorg, C., . . . Milad, M. R. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Fear Conditioning, and The Uncinate Fasciculus: A Pilot Study. Front Behav Neurosci, 10, 124. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00124
Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Boswell, J. F., Gallagher, M. W., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Exposure Strategies as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism of Change: An Exploratory Alternating Treatment Design. Behav Ther, 47(2), 225-238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.008
Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness program for transdiagnostic prevention in young adolescents. Behav Res Ther, 81, 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.03.002
Sharma, P., Singh, S., Gnanavel, S., & Kumar, N. (2016). Meditation–a two edged sword for psychosis: A case report. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 33(4), 247–249.
Rosenstreich, E. (2015). Mindfulness and False-Memories: The Impact of Mindfulness Practice on the DRM Paradigm. J Psychol, 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1004298
Britton, W. B. (2015). Scientific literacy as a foundational competency for teachers of mindfulness-based interventions. In D. McCown, D. Reibel, & M. Micozzi (Eds.), Resources for Teaching Mindfulness: A Cross-Cultural and International Handbook. New York: Springer. LINK
Antonova, E., Chadwick, P., & Kumari, V. (2015). More meditation, less habituation? The effect of mindfulness practice on the acoustic startle reflex. PLoS One, 10(5), e0123512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123512
Wilson, B.M.,Mickes, L., Stolarz-Fantino, S., Evrard, M., & Fantino, E. (2015). Increased false-memory susceptibility after mindfulness meditation. Psychological Science, 26(10), 1567–1573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615593705.
Ataria, Y., Dor-Ziderman, Y., & Berkovich-Ohana, A. (2015). How does it feel to lack a sense of boundaries? A case study of a long-term mindfulness meditator. Conscious Cogn, 37, 133-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.09.002
Banks, K., Newman, E., & Saleem, J. (2015). An Overview of the Research on Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Treating Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Clin Psychol, 71(10), 935-963. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22200
Britton, W. B., Lindahl, J. R., Cahn, B. R., Davis, J. H., & Goldman, R. E. (2014). Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1307, 64-81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12279
Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PLoS One, 9(4), e96110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096110
Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Griffiths, M. (2014). Are there risks associated with using mindfulness in the treatment of psychopathology? Clinical Practice ,, 11, 389-392. LINK
Galante, J., Galante, I., Bekkers, M. J., & Gallacher, J. (2014). Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol, 82(6), 1101-1114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037249
Evans, D. R., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Button, D. F., Baer, R. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2014). Self-Regulatory Deficits Associated with Unpracticed Mindfulness Strategies for Coping with Acute Pain. J Appl Soc Psychol, 44(1), 23-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12196
Lomas, T., Cartwright, T., Edginton, T., & Ridge, D. (2014). A qualitative summary of experiential challenges associated with meditation practice. Mindfulness, 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0329-8
Lindahl, J. R., Kaplan, C., Winget, E., & Britton, W. B. (2014). A Phenomenology of Meditation-Induced Light Experiences: Traditional Buddhist and Neurobiological Perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(973), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00973
Creswell, J. D., Pacilio, L. E., Lindsay, E. K., & Brown, K. W. (2014). Brief mindfulness meditation training alters psychological and neuroendocrine responses to social evaluative stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 44, 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.007
Dor-Ziderman, Y., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2013). Mindfulness-induced selflessness: a MEG neurophenomenological study. Front Hum Neurosci, 7, 582. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00582
Berkovich-Ohana, A., Dor-Ziderman, Y., Glicksohn, J., & Goldstein, A. (2013). Alterations in the sense of time, space, and body in the mindfulness-trained brain: a neurophenomenologically-guided MEG study. Front Psychol, 4, 912. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00912
Wisner, B. (2013). Less stress, less drama, and experiencing monkey mind: Benefits and challenges of a school-basedmeditation program for adolescents. School Social Work Journal, 38(1), 49–63.
Ferrarelli, F., Smith, R., Dentico, D., Riedner, B. A., Zennig, C., Benca, R. M., . . . Tononi, G. (2013). Experienced mindfulness meditators exhibit higher parietal-occipital EEG gamma activity during NREM sleep. PLoS One, 8(8), e73417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073417
Dobkin, P., Irving, J., & Amar, S. (2012). For Whom May Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program be Contraindicated? Mindfulness, 3, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0079-9
Taylor, V. A., Grant, J., Daneault, V., Scavone, G., Breton, E., Roffe-Vidal, S., . . . Beauregard, M. (2011). Impact of mindfulness on the neural responses to emotional pictures in experienced and beginner meditators. Neuroimage, 57(4), 1524-1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.001
Kerr, C. E., Josyula, K., & Littenberg, R. (2011). Developing an observing attitude: An analysis of meditation diaries in an MBSR clinical trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.700.
Nakaya, M., & Ohmori, K. (2010). Psychosis induced by spiritual practice and resolution of pre-morbid inner conflicts. German Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 161–163.
Jaseja, H. (2010). Potential role of self-induced EEG fast oscillations in predisposition to seizures in meditators. Epilepsy & Behavior, 17, 124-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.10.022
Britton, W. B., Haynes, P. L., Fridel, K. W., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010). Polysomnographic and subjective profiles of sleep continuity before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in partially remitted depression. Psychosom Med, 72(6), 539-548. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181dc1bad
2000s (10)
1. Lustyk, M., Chawla, N., Nolan, R., & Marlatt, G. (2009). Mindfulness Meditation Research: Issues of participant screening, safety procedures, and researcher training. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 24(1), 20-30. LINK
2. Kuijpers, H., van der Heijden, F., Tuinier, S., & Verhoeven, W. (2007). Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology, 40, 461-464. https://doi.org/10.1159/000108125
3. Lansky, E. (2006). Transcendental meditation: A double-edged sword in epilepsy? Epilepsy & Behavior, 9, 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.019
4. Waelde, L. (2004). Dissociation and meditation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(2), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v05n02_08
5. Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.31
6. Sethi, S. (2003). Relationship of meditation and psychosis: case studies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37(3), 382. LINK
7. Yorston, G. (2001). Mania precipitated by meditation: a case report and literature review. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 4, 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/713685624
8. Shan, H. (2000). Culture-bound psychiatric disorders associated with Qigong practice in China. Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 12-14. LINK
9. APA. (2000). Qigong Psychotic Reaction; Appendix I: Culture-Bound Syndromes. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington,VA: American Psychiatric Association.
10. Perez-de-Albeniz, A., & Holmes, J. (2000). Meditation: Concepts, effects and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569080050020263
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1. Chan-Ob, T., & Boonyanaruthee, V. (1999). Meditation in association with psychosis. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 82(9), 925-930. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10561951
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3. Turner, R. P., Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T., & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. J Nerv Ment Dis, 183(7), 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
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6. Miller, J. (1993). The unveiling of traumatic memories and emotions through mindfulness and concentration meditation: clinical implications and three case reports. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 25, 169-180. LINK
7. Persinger, M. A. (1993). Transcendental meditation and general meditation are associated with enhanced complex partial epileptic-like signs: Evidence for “cognitive” kindling? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 80–82.
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9. Shapiro, D. H., Jr. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. Int J Psychosom, 39(1-4), 62-67. LINK
10. Lukoff, D., Lu, F., & Turner, R. (1992). Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV. Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems. J Nerv Ment Dis, 180(11), 673-682. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199211000-00001
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1980s (12)
1. Craven, J. L. (1989). Meditation and psychotherapy. Can J Psychiatry, 34(7), 648-653. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674378903400705
2. Adler, C., Craske, M., & Barlow, D. (1987). Relaxation-induced panic: When resting isn't peaceful. Integrative Psychiatry, 5, 94-112. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988-30430-001
3. Cohen, A. S., Barlow, D. H., & Blanchard, E. B. (1985). Psychophysiology of relaxation-associated panic attacks. J Abnorm Psychol, 94(1), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.94.1.96
4. Disayavanish, C., & Disayavanish, P. (1984). Meditation-induced psychosis (in Thai). Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 29, 1-12.
5. Holmes, D. S. (1984). Meditation and somatic arousal reduction. A review of the experimental evidence. Am Psychol, 39(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.39.1.1
6. Otis, L. (1984). Adverse effects of Transcendental Meditation. In D. H. Shapiro & R. Walsh (Eds.), Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Aldine.
7. Brown, D., Forte, M., & Dysart, M. (1984). Visual sensitivity and mindfulness meditation. Percept Mot Skills, 58(3), 775-784. doi: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1984.58.3.775
8. Fenwick, P. (1983). Can we still recommend meditation? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 287(6403), 1401. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.288.6419.795-b
9. Heide, F., & Borkovec, T. (1983). Relaxation-induced anxiety: paradoxical anxiety enhancement due to relaxation treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(2), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.51.2.171
10. Holmes, D. S., Solomon, S., Cappo, B. M., & Greenberg, J. L. (1983). Effect of Transcendental Meditation versus resting on physiological and subjective arousal. J Pers Soc Psychol, 44(6), 1245-1252. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.44.6.1245
11. Shapiro, D. H., Jr. (1982). Overview: clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies. Am J Psychiatry, 139(3), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.139.3.267
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1970s (7)
1. Walsh, R. (1977). Initial meditative experiences: Part I. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 9, 151-192. LINK
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